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From the top of my head (some things are probably wrong)
Tajikistan
>Persian speaking people
>Only country in your picture which is not Turkic
>Its people are closely related to Afghan Persians (also called Tajik)
>mountainous as fuck
Uzbekistan
>Turkic people speaking a Turkic language with Persian influence
>lots of natural resources
>Islamic but secular
>one of two doubly landlocked countries, thus has only mountains and deserts
Turkmenistan
>Turkic people speaking a Turkic language
>country has a shit ton of natural gas
>mostly desert
>very authoritarian, dictatorial, North Korea-esque
Kyrgyzstan
>Turkic people speaking a Turkic language, look fully chink to the untrained eye
>country mountainous as fuck
>very poor
Kazakhstan
>huge country with very diverse nature (lots of steppe, mountains but also desert and taiga)
>most successful Central Asian country by far because of oil and gas reserves
>people like mostly chink-y