White point is for white balance. CIE Illuminant D65 is roughly 6500K (more like 6504K), a midday temperature in places like West Europe or North Europe. Smaller numbers, more blue, higher numbers, more orange. You know it from Lightroom.
Luminance is the amount of light being emitted from your monitor, measured in candela (cd) per square meter. You can find information about your monitor's max output in its tech specifications.
The contrast ratio is the ratio of the volume from the brightest possible color (white) to the darkest possible color (black). As you see, there is an ICC standard included, or you can use your printer's profile, etc. – your monitor's contrast ratio will be in your monitor's tech specification.
For chromatic adaptation:
http://www.colorwiki.com/index.php?title=Chromatic_Adapation_Article&oldid=2981 — There are different ways and you can choose between them.
Profile types: Matrix-based profiles use mathematical formulas to describe the color space and can be relatively small. Table-based profiles contain huge sample tables (Look-Up Tables, LUT) of sample points. They are easier to customize, but are also much larger.
